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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник восстановительной медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2078-1962</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2625</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702469</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38025/2078-1962-2026-25-2-77-90</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Personalizing physical rehabilitation for geriatric patients using cardiorespiratory exercise testing: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Возможности персонализации физической реабилитации по результатам кардиореспираторного нагрузочного тестирования для гериатрических пациентов: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-0233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arefeva</surname><given-names>Mariia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арефьева</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Geriatrician, Functional Diagnostics Doctor, Junior Research Assistant, Geriatrics Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>гериатр, врач функциональной диагностики, младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория общей гериатрии</p></bio><email>arefieva_ms@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-7167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесникова</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Med.), Researcher, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Aging, Functional Diagnostics Doctor, Associate Professor at the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases No. 1, Institute of Clinical Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник, лаборатория сердечно-сосудистого старения, врач функциональной диагностики, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней № 1, Институт клинической медицины</p></bio><email>arefieva_ms@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-0454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Runikhina</surname><given-names>Nadezda K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рунихина</surname><given-names>Надежда Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Deputy Director of Geriatric Work, Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заместитель директора по гериатрической работе, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</p></bio><email>arefieva_ms@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-268X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eruslanova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерусланова</surname><given-names>Ксения Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Med.), Cardiologist, Head of Laboratory of Cardiovascular Aging, Russian Gerontological Scientific and Clinical Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, кардиолог, заведующий лаборатории сердечно-сосудистого старения, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</p></bio><email>arefieva_ms@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-688X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkacheva</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачева</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Med.), Professor, Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</p></bio><email>arefieva_ms@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России (Пироговский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-16"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-16"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Arefeva M.S., Kolesnikova E.A., Runikhina N.K., Eruslanova K.A., Tkacheva O.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Арефьева М.С., Колесникова Е.А., Рунихина Н.К., Ерусланова К.А., Ткачева О.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Arefeva M.S., Kolesnikova E.A., Runikhina N.K., Eruslanova K.A., Tkacheva O.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Арефьева М.С., Колесникова Е.А., Рунихина Н.К., Ерусланова К.А., Ткачева О.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2078-1962/article/view/702469">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2078-1962/article/view/702469</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>INTRODUCTION. </bold>Increasing proportion of elderly individuals foregrounds the healthy aging paradigm, a key condition of which is requiring functional capacity preservation via multicomponent physical training. Heterogeneity, multimorbidity, polypragmasy, geriatric syndromes hinder a unified approach for personalizing aerobic exercise intensity.</p> <p><bold>AIM. </bold>To systematize existing and potential approaches to personalizing physical rehabilitation programs for geriatric patients in order to formulate practice-oriented principles for determining individual aerobic training intensity<bold>.</bold></p> <p><bold>MAIN CONTENT OF THE REVIEW. </bold>A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and original articles focusing on the personalization of physical rehabilitation for geriatric patients based on cardiopulmonary exercise testing data were selected. The search covered the period from 2015 to 2025. Various personalization methods were reviewed. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, while the foundation for stratifying geriatric patients, provides no objective physiological parameters. Traditional methods (calculation formulas, 6-minute walk test, Borg scale) show high subjectivity, variability, overlooking metabolic patterns. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) the reference for exercise personalization. This review identifies key limitations of applying cardiac rehabilitation and sports medicine methods to geriatric patients, stemming from reduced functional reserve, multimorbidity, and geriatric-specific conditions. Methods using percentages of maximal heart rate and peak oxygen uptake are constrained by polypragmasy, inability to reach a true physiological maximum during testing in the geriatric population and other factors. As a physiologically sound alternative, the use of ventilatory thresholds (VT) is proposed. This approach is positioned as a physiologically grounded tool for determining personalized and clinically safe physical activity regimens.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION. </bold>Personalization of aerobic training in geriatrics population should be implemented as a process encompassing a clinical-geriatric stratification stage followed by physiological calibration of intensity based on CPET results. The use of VT represents the most accurate and safe method to set individual training zones in geriatrics, enabling risk minimization while enhancing rehabilitation efficacy. The lack of specialized studies in the population of patients with frailty syndrome underscores the necessity for further research focused on developing physical rehabilitation programs for geriatric patients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ.</bold> Увеличение доли лиц пожилого и старческого возраста актуализирует парадигму здорового старения, ключевым условием которого является сохранение функциональной способности путем проведения многокомпонентных физических тренировок. Однако гетерогенность гериатрического контингента, полиморбидный фон, полипрагмазия и наличие гериатрических синдромов препятствуют выработке унифицированного подхода к персонализации интенсивности аэробных нагрузок.</p> <p><bold>ЦЕЛЬ.</bold> Систематизировать существующие и потенциальные подходы к персонализации программ физической реабилитации для пациентов гериатрического профиля для формирования практико-ориентированных принципов определения индивидуальной интенсивности аэробных тренировок.</p> <p><bold>ОСНОВНОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ОБЗОРА.</bold> Поиск литературы проводился в базах PubMed, Web of Science и Cochrane Library. Отбирались метаанализы, систематические обзоры и оригинальные статьи, посвященные персонализации физической реабилитации гериатрических пациентов на основе данных кардиореспираторного нагрузочного тестирования (КРНТ). Глубина поиска — 2015–2025 гг. Рассмотрены различные методы персонализации физических нагрузок. Комплексная гериатрическая оценка, оставаясь фундаментом стратификации гериатрических пациентов, не позволяет получить объективные физиологические параметры. Традиционные методы (расчетные формулы, 6-минутный тест ходьбы (6МТХ), шкала Борга) характеризуются высокой субъективностью, вариабельностью и не учитывают индивидуальные метаболические паттерны пациента. В качестве эталонного инструмента персонализации нагрузок рассматривается КРНТ. Проанализированы ограничения, присущие современным подходам из кардиореабилитации и спортивной медицины в применении к пациентам пожилого возраста, обусловленные сниженным функциональным резервом, полиморбидностью и особенностями гериатрического статуса. Отдельно обсуждаются ограничения подходов, основанных на применении процентных соотношений от достигнутой максимальной частоты сердечных сокращений и пикового поглощения кислорода у пожилых. На их клиническую применимость оказывают влияние полипрагмазия, невозможность достижения истинного физиологического максимума и другие факторы. В качестве физиологически обоснованной альтернативы предложено использование вентиляторных порогов (ВП). Данный подход позиционируется как физиологически обоснованный инструмент для определения персональных и клинически безопасных режимов физической активности. Сформулированы перспективные направления для дальнейших исследований, направленных на разработку программ физической реабилитации для пациентов гериатрического профиля.</p> <p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ.</bold> Персонализация аэробных тренировок у гериатрических пациентов должна реализовываться как процесс, включающий клинико-гериатрический этап стратификации пациентов с последующей физиологической калибровкой интенсивности по результатам КРНТ. Использование ВП является наиболее точным и безопасным методом определения индивидуальных тренировочных зон в гериатрической популяции, позволяющим минимизировать риски и повысить эффективность реабилитации. Отсутствие специализированных исследований в популяции пациентов со старческой астенией (СА) определяет необходимость дальнейших исследований, направленных на разработку программ физической реабилитации для пациентов гериатрического профиля.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>physical activity</kwd><kwd>cardiorespiratory endurance</kwd><kwd>6-minute walk test</kwd><kwd>exercise tolerance/intolerance</kwd><kwd>frailty</kwd><kwd>comprehensive geriatric assessment</kwd><kwd>geriatric rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>cardiopulmonary exercise testing</kwd><kwd>ventilatory threshold</kwd><kwd>aerobic training</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>физическая активность</kwd><kwd>кардиореспираторная выносливость</kwd><kwd>тест шестиминутной ходьбы</kwd><kwd>переносимость/толерантность к физической нагрузке</kwd><kwd>старческая астения</kwd><kwd>комплексная гериатрическая оценка</kwd><kwd>гериатрическая реабилитация</kwd><kwd>кардиореспираторное нагрузочное тестирование</kwd><kwd>вентиляторный порог</kwd><kwd>аэробные тренировки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dzau V.J., Inouye S.K., Rowe J.W., et al. 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