<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник восстановительной медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2078-1962</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2713-2625</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693974</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38025/2078-1962-2025-24-6-35-41</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Decreased masticatory activity in adults with overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Низкая жевательная активность у взрослых с избыточной массой тела и ожирением: поперечное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3704-988X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Vasily V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Assistant, Department of Molecular Immunology and Biotechnology</p></bio><email>smirnowich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-8898</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D.Sc. (Biol.), Docent, Researcher</p></bio><email>smirnowich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0970-9203</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khramova</surname><given-names>Daria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Храмова</surname><given-names>Д. C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Biol.), Senior Researcher</p></bio><email>smirnowich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zueva</surname><given-names>Natalya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Senior Laboratory Assistant</p></bio><email>smirnowich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Velskaya</surname><given-names>Inga M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вельская</surname><given-names>И. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Laboratory Assistant</p></bio><email>smirnowich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии Федерального исследовательского центра «Коми научный центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Smirnov V.V., Popov S.V., Khramova D.S., Zueva N.V., Velskaya I.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Смирнов В.В., Попов С.В., Храмова Д.C., Зуева Н.В., Вельская И.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnov V.V., Popov S.V., Khramova D.S., Zueva N.V., Velskaya I.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнов В.В., Попов С.В., Храмова Д.C., Зуева Н.В., Вельская И.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/2078-1962/article/view/693974">https://journals.eco-vector.com/2078-1962/article/view/693974</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>INTRODUCTION. </bold>Eating quickly is associated with an increased risk of developing obesity, likely due to impaired masticatory function leading to increased appetite. However, there is currently little objective data showing changes in chewing rhythm and muscle activity in individuals with high body weight.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>AIM. </bold>The aim of the study was to compare time and electromyographic parameters of mastication in adults with normal and high body mass index (BMI) during an agar chewing test.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS.</bold> A cross-sectional study included 61 people with normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 25.0 kg/m²) and 51 people with overweight or obese (BMI over 25.0 kg/m²). The groups were similar in gender (female was 66 % and 51 %, respectively) and age (mean age was 31.4 and 34.5 years, respectively). Chewing rhythm and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter muscle, temporalis muscle, and suprahyoid muscles were determined in the initial, middle, and final phases of the chewing test.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.</bold> Adults with a high BMI used 16 % fewer chewing cycles in the initial phase of mastication compared to adults with a normal weight (11.1 vs. 13.2, <italic>p</italic> = 0.029). Although no other differences in chewing rhythm were found, the dynamic of the decrease in the cycle number, duration, and frequency of chewing was more pronounced in individuals with a high BMI compared to the control group (25 % vs. 30 %, 19 % vs. 21 %, and 8 % vs. 14 %, respectively). The maximal, mean, and area amplitudes of EMG signals were 22-31 % lower for the masseter muscle, 32-37 % lower for the temporalis muscle, and 36–49 % lower for the suprahyoid muscles in comparison with normal-weight individuals.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>CONCLUSION.</bold> Adults with overweight and obesity had a reduced chewing cycle number at the beginning of mastication and low EMG activity in the masticatory muscles throughout the mastication. Medical rehabilitation for patients with obesity and impaired masticatory function should include the use of therapeutic methods aimed at restoring chewing rhythm and masticatory muscle activity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>ВВЕДЕНИЕ.</bold> Ускоренный прием пищи ассоциирован с риском развития ожирения, вероятно, благодаря ухудшению жевательной функции, ведущей к повышению аппетита. Однако в настоящее время мало объективных данных, показывающих изменение жевательного ритма и мышечной активности у лиц с высокой массой тела.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>ЦЕЛЬ.</bold> Целью исследования было сравнение динамики временных и электромиографических параметров жевания у лиц с нормальным и высоким индексом массы тела (ИМТ) во время агаровой жевательной пробы.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ.</bold> В поперечном исследовании приняли участие 61 человек с нормальной массой тела (ИМТ между 18,5 и 25,0 кг/м²) и 51 человек с избыточной массой тела и ожирением (ИМТ более 25,0 кг/м²). Группы были близки по полу (66 % и 51 % женщин соответственно) и возрасту (средний возраст — 31,4 и 34,5 года соответственно). Жевательный ритм и электромиографическую (ЭМГ) активность жевательной, височной и надподъязычных мышц определяли в начальной, средней и конечной фазах жевательного теста.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ.</bold> Взрослые с высоким ИМТ использовали на 16 % меньше жевательных движений в начальной фазе жевания по сравнению с теми, кто имел нормальную массу тела (11,1 vs. 13,2, <italic>p</italic> = 0,029). Хотя других различий в жевательном ритме не обнаружено, динамика снижения количества жевательных движений, продолжительности и частоты жевания была более выраженной у лиц с высоким ИМТ, чем в группе сравнения (25 % vs. 30 %, 19 % vs. 21 %, and 8 % vs. 14 % соответственно). У лиц с высокой массой тела максимальная, средняя и суммарная амплитуды ЭМГ-сигналов были ниже на 22–31 % для жевательной мышцы, на 32–37 % — для височной мышцы и на 36–49 % — для надподъязычных мышц по сравнению с контрольной группой.</p>&#13;
<p><bold>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. </bold>Взрослые с избыточной массой тела и ожирением имели пониженное количество жевательных движений в начале жевания и низкую ЭМГ-активность жевательных мышц на протяжении всего периода жевания. Медицинская реабилитация пациентов с ожирением и нарушением жевательной функции должна включать использование лечебных технологий, направленных на восстановление жевательного ритма и активности жевательных мышц.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>overweight</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>chewing test</kwd><kwd>electromyography</kwd><kwd>masseter</kwd><kwd>temporalis</kwd><kwd>suprahyoid muscles</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>избыточная масса тела</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>жевательная проба</kwd><kwd>электромиография</kwd><kwd>жевательная</kwd><kwd>височная</kwd><kwd>надподъязычные мышцы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Ministry of Science And Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>World Health Organization. WHO European Regional Obesity Report 2022. May 2, 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289057738 (Date of accessed: 20.02.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health at a glance 2021: OECD indicators. November 9, 2021. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/health-at-a-glance-2021_ae3016b9-en.html (Date of accessed: 20.08.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Scientific and practical guide for physicians “Sanatorium-and-Resort Treatment.” Edited by A.D. Fesyun. Section 2. Sanatorium-and-Resort Treatment for Various Diseases. Moscow. 2022: 298–309 (In Russ).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Vasileva V.A., Marchenkova L.A. Efficacy of a comprehensive rehabilitation program including interactive balance therapy with biofeedback and hydrokinesitherapy in reducing body weight and changing of the body composition in patients with obesity. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2022; 21(3): 189–201. https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2022-21-3-189-201</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Elmaleh-Sachs A., Schwartz J.L., Bramante C.T., Nicklas J.M., Gudzune K.A., Jay M. Obesity management in adults: A review. JAMA. 2023; 330(20): 2000–2015. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.19897</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Schröder H., Fïto M., Covas M.I.; REGICOR investigators. Association of fast food consumption with energy intake, diet quality, body mass index and the risk of obesity in a representative Mediterranean population. Br J Nutr. 2007; 98(6): 1274–1280. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507781436</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lee K.X., Quek K.F., Ramadas A. Dietary and lifestyle risk factors of obesity among young adults: A scoping review of observational studies. Curr Nutr Rep. 2023; 12(4): 733–743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00513-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Garcidueñas-Fimbres T.E., Paz-Graniel I., Nishi S.K., et al. Eating speed, eating frequency, and their relationships with diet quality, adiposity, and metabolic syndrome, or its components. Nutrients. 2021; 13(5): 1687. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051687</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kolay E., Bykowska-Derda A., Abdulsamad S., et al. Self-reported eating speed is associated with indicators of obesity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2021; 9(11): 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111559</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Murakami K., Sasaki S., Takahashi Y., et al. Hardness (difficulty of chewing) of the habitual diet in relation to body mass index and waist circumference in free-living Japanese women aged 18-22 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86(1): 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.1.206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Robinson E., Almiron-Roig E., Rutters F., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 100(1): 123–151. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.081745</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Tonni I., Riccardi G., Piancino M.G., et al. The influence of food hardness on the physiological parameters of mastication: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol. 2020; 120: 104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104903</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Goh A.T., Choy J.Y.M., Chua X.H., et al. Increased oral processing and a slower eating rate increase glycaemic, insulin and satiety responses to a mixed meal tolerance test. Eur J Nutr. 2021; 60(5): 2719–2733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02466-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Forde C.G., Bolhuis D. Interrelations between food form, texture, and matrix influence energy intake and metabolic responses. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022; 11(2): 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00413-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Jeltema M., Beckley J., Vahalik J. Food texture assessment and preference based on Mouth Behavior, Food Qual and Prefer. 2016; 52: 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.04.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Khramova D., Vityazev F.V., Zueva N.V., et al. Volitional control of chewing frequency affects food oral processing and texture perception. J Oral Rehabil. 2025; 52(6): 871–882. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13944</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Marchenkova L.A., Vasileva V.A. Motor and balance function disorders and possibilities of their correction in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Lechaschi Vrach Journal. 2019; (4): 68 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Smirnov V., Khramova D., Chistiakova E., et al. Texture perception and chewing of agar gel by people with different sensitivity to hardness. Gels. 2024; 11(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bellisle F. Edograms: recording the microstructure of meal intake in humans-a window on appetite mechanisms. Int J Obes (Lond). 2020; 44(12): 2347–2357. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00653-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Isabel C.A., Moysés M.R., van der Bilt A., et al. The relationship between masticatory and swallowing behaviors and body weight. Physiol Behav. 2015; 151: 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Frecka J.M., Hollis J.H., Mattes R.D. Effects of appetite, BMI, food form and flavor on mastication: almonds as a test food. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008; 62(10): 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602838</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Y., Hollis J.H. Relationship between chewing behavior and body weight status in fully dentate healthy adults. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015; 66(2): 135–139. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2014.979317</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Regalo I.H., Palinkas M., Gonçalves L.M.N., et al. Impact of obesity on the structures and functions of the stomatognathic system: A morphofunctional approach. Arch Oral Biol. 2023; 159: 105877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105877</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sasa A., Kulvanich S., Hao N., et al. Functional role of suprahyoid muscles in bolus formation during mastication. Front Physiol. 2022; 13: 881891. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.881891</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ketel E.C., Aguayo-Mendoza M.G., de Wijk R.A., et al. Age, gender, ethnicity and eating capability influence oral processing behaviour of liquid, semi-solid and solid foods differently. Food Res Int. 2019; 119: 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Fujiwara S., Hori K., Shitara S., et al. Effect of hard gummy candy chewing on masticatory function. J Oral Rehabil. 2021; 48(8) :909–915. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.13208</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Hidaka N., Kurose S., Takao N., et al. Effect of mastication evaluation and intervention on body composition and biochemical indices in female patients with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord. 2023; 23(1): 134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-023-01379-2</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
