Выпуск 2-84, 2018

Обратная ходьба как методика нейрореабилитации

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1 Клеменов А.В.

1 ГБУЗ Нижегородской области «Городская клиническая больница №30 Московского района г. Нижнего Новгорода», Нижний Новгород, Россия


РЕЗЮМЕ

Ходьба является самым естественным и привычным видом физической нагрузки для человека любого возраста и пола, благотворно влияющим на опорно-двигательный аппарат, сердечно-сосудистую, дыхательную и нервнуюсистемы. Последнее время в медицине все шире используется ходьба спиной вперед (обратная ходьба). Изучениекинетики и кинематики обратной ходьбы показало ряд ее преимуществ перед обычным способом передвижения,которые могут быть с успехом использованы как в процессе спортивных тренировок, так и для лечения и реабилитации различных заболеваний. При одинаковых параметрах физической активности обратная ходьба приводит к болеесущественной нагрузке на сердечно-сосудистую и дыхательную системы и более значительному повышению как аэробных, так и анаэробных возможностей организма. Обратная ходьба сопряжена с меньшей нагрузкой на коленныесуставы и является одним из немногих естественных способов укрепления четырехглавой мышцы бедра.Обучение обратной ходьбе нашло свое место в программах реабилитации разных категорий неврологическихбольных с целью восстановления устойчивого положения тела и походки. Обратная ходьба используется для выработки правильного паттерна походки у детей с церебральным параличом, лиц, перенесших мозговой инсульт,страдающих болезнью Паркинсона и рассеянным склерозом, спинальных больных. Регулярные занятия обратнойходьбой приводят к улучшению пространственно-временных параметров ходьбы и чувства равновесия, увеличивают мышечную силу нижних конечностей при этих заболеваниях. Тесты с обратной ходьбой используются в диагностических целях – для оценки тяжести нарушения координации и моторики у постинсультных больных, при болезни Паркинсона, для выявления начальных нарушений походки при рассеянном склерозе, для прогнозированиявероятности падения у пожилых лиц и пациентов с головокружением.


КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: обратная ходьба, обратный бег, реабилитация, нейрореабилитация, детский церебральный паралич, мозговой инсульт, болезнь Паркинсона, рассеянный склероз


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