Issue 24-4, 2025

Review

https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2025-24-4-156-167

Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Effectiveness and Potential of Virtual Reality Technologies. A review

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ORCIDIgor V. Shirolapov*, ORCIDAlexander V. Zakharov, ORCIDNatalia P. Romanchuk, ORCIDYuliya S. Komarova, ORCIDMariya S. Sergeeva, ORCIDAnna A. Shishkina, ORCIDElena V. Khivintseva, ORCIDIrina A. Sharafutdinova

Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia


ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION.  Innovative technologies in the rehabilitation of multiple sclerosis are aimed at introducing into clinical practice advanced methods and techniques for deep and comprehensive assessment and effective treatment of disorders not only in the motor, but also in the cognitive area. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the potential of using virtual reality technologies in cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.

AIM.  To summarise and analyse current evidence on the potential of using virtual reality technologies in cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS.  The search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, RSCI databases using search queries and keywords in Russian and English: multiple sclerosis, cognitive, virtual reality/VR, immersive technologies, neurorehabilitation from 2014 to 2024.

MAIN CONTENT OF THE REVIEW.  Currently, in order to prevent the progression of cognitive deficit, 3D computer simulation technologies are being introduced, which provide realistic user interaction using special electronic equipment, visual and sound effects and multisensory feedback. Virtual reality systems demonstrate effectiveness in the rehabilitation of many diseases, allowing for the correction of impaired functions, stimulation of residual abilities and promotion of global health improvement. The restorative potential of virtual reality (VR) is realized through the complex involvement of the senses and stimulation of neuroplasticity, which develops specific cognitive and behavioral aspects of patient functioning. Increased feedback obtained through exercises performed in a virtual environment allows for the development of awareness of the results of the movements performed and the quality of the movements themselves, which has a positive effect on cognitive activity and motor control. The advantage of using VR technologies, especially with immersive tools, is to create a positive, motivating learning experience for the patient, which requires individual control over several sensorimotor and cognitive domains. CONCLUSION. This review analyzes the current scientific

CONCLUSION.  This review analyzes the current scientific information in this area of research, provides a detailed assessment of the current state and potential of VR technologies in cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis, and discusses the fundamental mechanisms underlying neurorehabilitation using immersive technologies.


KEYWORDS: multiple sclerosis, neurorehabilitation, virtual reality/VR, cognitive activity, motor control, immersive technologies, quality of life

FOR CITATION:

Shirolapov I.V., Zakharov A.V., Romanchuk N.P., Komarova Yu.S., Sergeeva M.S., Shishkina A.A., Khivintseva E.V., Sharafutdinova I.A. Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Effectiveness and Potential of Virtual Reality Technologies. A review. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2025; 24(4):156–167. https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2025-24-4-156-167 (In Russ.). 

FOR CORRESPONDENCE:

Igor V. Shirolapov, Е-mail: i.v.shirolapov@samsmu.ru


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